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Article Type

Review

Abstract

Neurotransmitters travel through synapses mediated by neurons. The DNA inside the neurons does not replicate since it arrests in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, which explains the absence of replication as DNA replication occurs during the S phase, which is preceded by the G1 phase. Experiments have shown that environmental factors can influence the DNA code and have been tried in both plant and animal kingdoms over the last two centuries with great success, leading to the belief that environmental factors can prompt the brain to send signals (neurotransmitters) to somatic cells. The next question will be: "Is the power of thinking and reasoning found in the code of DNA, or are they byproducts produced by the functions of the neurons?" Recent technology and nanobiotechnology techniques show that life experiences can switch on/off the DNA expression in neurons, leading to changes in the way the brain operates. One hypothesis assumes that all changes in DNA expression occur via a synaptic junction, meaning that the degree of on (excitatory) versus off (inhibitory) signals determines whether the neuron will be excited to release its neurotransmitter or be inhibited and inactive. An electromagnetic field hypothesis follows, indicating that the electromagnetic field is exponential, and this was followed by other hypotheses that try to explain the adaptation of genes of Homo sapiens compared with adaptation of genes from other mammals during evolution. This hypothesis claims that the regulation of gene expression plays a key role in differentiating Homo sapiens from other mammals, suggesting the presence of "gene activators and gene dimmers," and not their gene sequence alone. One of the main obstacles is that gene regulatory elements are often a few nucleotides long, making it difficult to calculate and estimate the acceleration rate from a statistical point of view. Researchers suggest that during life-threatening accidents, the brain, in order to remember previous experiences, will induce rapid gene expression by double-strand breaking (DSB) the DNA inside neurons. These genes produce new connections with cells through synapses, a phenomenon known as synaptic plasticity, which plays an important role in learning and storing long and short memories. However, further research is needed to explore the different aspects of synaptic plasticity.

Keywords

Electric current, Neurons, Gene expression, Synapses, Thoughts

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