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Article Type

Review

Abstract

Background: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is still the most common material used for denture bases but its mechanical and physical properties. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the application of nanotechnology for enhancing physical and mechanical properties of denture base materials. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed to identify in vitro experimental studies from 2020 through 2025. The review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. Included studies that characterised the mechanical or physical properties of nanoparticle-reinforced denture base materials. Results: Fourteen in vitro experimental studies were eligible for the qualitative synthesis for enhancing mechanical and physical properties at low filler levels, typically in the range of 0.25–2 wt%. Superior improvements in flexural strength, impact strength and surface hardness were often observed at loadings of 0.5–1.5 wt%, depending upon the nanoparticle identity. Conversely, high concentrations larger than 2–3 wt% were frequently correlated with a deterioration in mechanical properties. The water sorption and solubility properties gravitated downwards when higher than 2 wt% of the particle, whereas the roughness properties showed an inconsistent influence on the nanoparticle, which was more pronounced in metallic nanoparticle than ceramic. Conclusion: Nanoparticle addition of denture base materials using nanotechnology showed significant improvement in mechanical and physical properties when specific nanoparticle types and concentrations are employed.

Keywords

Nanotechnology, Denture base materials, Polymethyl methacrylate, Nanoparticles, Mechanical properties, Physical properties

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